Tim DoddHi, it's me, Tim Dodd, the Everyday Astronaut. Welcome to Starbase, Texas. Today, we're getting up close and personal with SpaceX's Raptor 2 engine with Elon Musk. We get into all sorts of details on this engine, including how exactly it's been upgraded and simplified compared to Raptor 1. This video has a ton of fun details on some fairly technical stuff. So be sure and watch my "Why don't rocket engines melt?" video, so you know what we're talking about with some of the cooling techniques, as well as my video on engine cycles, so you understand how the Raptor's full flow staged combustion cycle works and why it's advantageous.大家好，我是 Tim Dodd，就是那个 Everyday Astronaut。欢迎来到德克萨斯州 Starbase。今天我们要和 Elon Musk 一起近距离观察 SpaceX 的 Raptor 2 发动机。我们会深入探讨这台发动机的各种细节，包括它相比 Raptor 1 究竟做了哪些升级和简化。这个视频有大量关于技术性内容的有趣细节，所以一定要先看我的《为什么火箭发动机不会融化？》视频，了解我们要讨论的冷却技术，以及我关于发动机循环的视频，这样你才能理解 Raptor 的全流量分级燃烧循环是如何运作的、以及为什么它有优势。
Tim DoddMy next video will be a deep dive comparing Raptor 1 and Raptor 2. We'll go over every little detail of the engine and it'll definitely help make this conversation easier to follow. It's currently in the works, so be sure and stay tuned. If you happen to find this video valuable, consider dropping a Super Thanks as a tip below here on YouTube, or become a channel member or Patreon supporter for early access and to show your support. Okay, let's dive into SpaceX's Raptor Engine.我的下一个视频将是对 Raptor 1 和 Raptor 2 的深度对比。我们会逐一讲解发动机的每个细节，肯定会让这次对话更容易理解。视频正在制作中，敬请关注。如果你觉得这个视频有价值，可以在 YouTube 下面打赏 Super Thanks，或者成为频道会员或 Patreon 支持者，享受提前观看并表达你的支持。好，我们来深入了解 SpaceX 的 Raptor 发动机。
Elon MuskSo these are all Raptor 2s.这些都是 Raptor 2。
Tim DoddThese are all Raptor 2s?这些都是 Raptor 2？
Elon MuskYeah.对。
Tim DoddYou have this many here already?你这里已经有这么多了？
Elon MuskSorry?什么？
Tim DoddYou have this many here already?你这里已经有这么多了？
Elon MuskYeah.对。
Tim DoddIn my head, I just wasn't even thinking. I mean, yeah, they're a lot simpler. Oh, you can see that kind of octovalve thing on it.我脑子没转过来。我是说，对啊，它们简单多了。哦，你可以看到上面那个有点像八阀的东西。
Elon MuskYes. So there's one... the Raptor 1 is the one that looks like the crazy Christmas tree there.对。那边那一台……Raptor 1 就是那个看起来像疯狂圣诞树的。
Tim DoddHence the Merry Christmas.所以才写了"Merry Christmas"。
Elon MuskYeah.对。
Tim DoddAnd it's snowman.那个是雪人。
Elon MuskSo it's not super easy to see, but you can compare like, how much less there is, like, if you just look at like, just eyeball the fiddly bits level there versus the fiddly bits level there, like that thing's just wrapped in tons of stuff. This is a completed engine.不太容易看清楚，但你可以比较一下，两台发动机上那些零零碎碎的东西差了多少。你就用眼睛扫一下，看看那边那台上有多少乱七八糟的玩意，再看看这边，那台简直是被一堆东西缠满了。这台是完整的成品发动机。
Tim DoddWow.哇。
Elon MuskSo a massive amount of things have been deleted... deleted, combined, simplified, on Raptor 2 versus Raptor 1. It's a little hard to see cause it's over there, but...Raptor 2 相比 Raptor 1，删掉了大量东西……删掉了、合并了、简化了。因为在那边，有点难看清，但……
Tim DoddWell you can tell a lot.不过已经能看出很多了。
Elon MuskYeah. Giant difference like this, the Raptor 2 looks like this, it's not finished.对。差距巨大——这台 Raptor 2 看起来像还没装完。
Tim DoddBut it actually is. This is a finished Raptor 2 versus finished Raptor 1.但它其实是装完了的。这是装完的 Raptor 2 对比装完的 Raptor 1。
Elon MuskYeah. Gigantic difference.对。差距巨大。
Tim DoddAnd you can tell this one's a lot more completed with the gimbal mount on top and everything too.你也能看出来这台更完整，上面有万向节支架之类的东西。
Elon MuskYeah. Well, that's 'cause... they both have a gimbal mount.对，不过……两台都有万向节支架。
Tim DoddI mean, sorry, compared to like that one that doesn't.哦，我是说，和那台没有的相比。
Elon MuskYeah. So the outer booster engines don't need a gimbal. So, the outer, the booster engines are fixed as are the Raptor vacuum engines. So but this is a gimbaling Raptor 2 versus a gimbaling Raptor 1, a gigantic difference in complexity. And the Raptor 1 was really around sort of 180, 185 tons of thrust and Raptor 2 is 230 tons of thrust. But really, I think we could probably get, over time, 250 tons of thrust. So it's...对。外圈助推器发动机不需要万向节，所以外圈的助推器发动机是固定的，Raptor 真空版发动机也是固定的。但这里比的是带万向节的 Raptor 2 对比带万向节的 Raptor 1，复杂程度差异巨大。Raptor 1 的推力大概在 180、185 吨左右，Raptor 2 是 230 吨。但我觉得，随着时间推移，我们应该能达到 250 吨。所以……
Elon MuskSorry, it's 230 tons at 300 bar. Wow.哦，更正一下，是 230 吨推力，对应 300 bar 压力。哇。
Tim DoddAnd you started... You've been pushing these things to like over 300 [bar] too, right?你们已经在把它推到 300 bar 以上了，对吧？
Elon MuskYeah. So Raptor 1 could maybe do like 250 bar and it also has a smaller throat. So, whereas Raptor 2, a standard operating pressure is 300 bar, which is kind of- this is crazy for a rocket engine. Where it has a main chamber-对。Raptor 1 大概能做到 250 bar，而且它的喉部也更小。而 Raptor 2 的标准工作压力是 300 bar，这对火箭发动机来说简直……这已经是疯狂级别了。它的主燃烧室——
Tim DoddThis is by far a record.这绝对是史上纪录。
Elon MuskYes. 300 bar main chamber operating pressure is... it's the highest pressure, operational rocket engine ever. So the next best would be like an RD-180. I think they're around 267 bar, they're around, thereabouts. The RD-170 is not too bad itself, but it's yeah. I finally, I finally...是的。300 bar 主燃烧室工作压力……这是有史以来工作压力最高的火箭发动机。次高的大概是 RD-180，我记得大约是 267 bar，差不多这个量级。RD-170 本身也不差，但确实……我终于，我终于……
Tim DoddNo one's ever done 300 bar.从没有人做到过 300 bar。
Elon MuskNo, especially not sustained. I'm sure they did it, maybe blew one up, trying to get there or something.没有，尤其是持续稳定运行。他们可能试过，但也许炸掉了一台，才试到那个压力。
Elon MuskOh, we blew a lot of engines up.哦，我们炸掉了很多台发动机。
Tim DoddYeah.是啊。
Elon MuskI've lost count of how many... I think we might have blown up 30 engines; that's a lot. So at like a high production rate cures many ills. Yeah. So if you have a low production rate. I mean, any given technology development is, "How many iterations do you have? And what's your time and progress between iterations?" So if you have a high production rate, you can have a lot of iterations. You can try lots of different things. And it's okay if you blow up an engine because you've got a, you know, a high production rate, you've got a bunch of engines coming after that. Yeah. If you have a small number of engines, then you have to be much more conservative 'cause you can't risk blowing them up. So that's why, you know, one of my catch phrases is, "a high production rate solves many ills." And, yeah, so we've blown up, I don't know, I'm just guessing at least 20, maybe over 30 engines and we have melted probably 50 chambers, maybe more than 50 chambers we have melted.我都数不清炸了多少台……我觉得我们可能炸了 30 台，这已经很多了。高生产速率能治愈很多顽疾。如果你的生产速率低，那你的技术迭代次数就少，而且每次迭代之间的时间间隔也会影响进度。如果你有高生产速率，就可以有很多次迭代，可以尝试很多不同的方案。炸掉一台发动机也没关系，因为生产速率高，后面还有大把发动机跟上来。如果你只有少量发动机，就必须非常保守，因为承受不起炸掉的风险。所以，我的口头禅之一就是"高生产速率能治愈很多顽疾"。我们炸掉的，我不确定，随便估计至少 20 台，可能超过 30 台。我们熔化的燃烧室大概有 50 个，可能超过 50 个。
Tim DoddSo when you melt the chamber, are you most of the time able to like save the power pack on it or do you kind of scrap the whole thing?那熔掉燃烧室之后，你们大部分时候能把动力系统保留下来，还是整台都报废？
Elon MuskIf you melt the chamber, it's usually a benign shutdown. So you've lost the chamber, the sort of chamber nozzle assembly, but the pumps are usually fine and you can potentially even reuse the main injector.如果燃烧室熔了，通常是个良性停机。燃烧室本体和喷管组件报废了，但泵通常没问题，主喷注器甚至有可能复用。
Tim DoddOkay.好的。
Elon MuskAnd basically everything below main injector is toast.而主喷注器以下的部分基本就废了。
Tim DoddIs it potentially benign because as it erodes the layer it actually begins to almost cool itself more.之所以是良性的，是因为随着材料被腐蚀，实际上会开始自我冷却？
Elon MuskYeah. It does. It's benign... It's like benign in the context of rocket engines.对，是会。这是良性的……从火箭发动机的语境来说，算是良性的。
Tim Dodd'Til it starves the injector and creates a hotspot I'm sure and all that kind of stuff.直到燃料耗尽喷注器、产生热点之类的问题，我猜。
Elon MuskYes. So I mean, if you don't shut the engine down fast, you will have an explosion. But you do have an opportunity to shut the engine down because you can detect a big pressure drop in the... Like the chamber jacket pressure will suddenly drop. And then you can do a commanded shutdown of the engine. But you will have issues if you don't shut it down because the cooling fluid, the fuel that is cooling, is now no longer cooling the part above it.是的。如果不及时关机，就会爆炸。但你有机会关机，因为可以检测到压力骤降——燃烧室夹套压力会突然下降，然后你可以执行受控关机。但如果你不关机就会出问题，因为原本用来冷却的燃料，现在不再冷却它上方的部分了。
Tim DoddOh, right.哦，对。
Elon MuskSo it's cooling where the leak is, but it's now doing less cooling of whatever's above it. So it's gonna start melting all the way up.它在泄漏点的位置还在冷却，但它冷却上方部位的效果已经大打折扣。所以上方会开始一路向上熔掉。
Tim DoddGotcha.明白了。
Elon MuskSo it'll get ugly fast if you don't shut down.所以如果不关机，局面会迅速恶化。
Tim DoddAnd so that, you mentioned at the last Starship event, you were kind of saying, "Yeah, Raptor 2s are melting!" What have you ended up like, how are, I guess, how do you keep them from melting? What tricks are you continuing to employ and expand out on, or is just a matter of tuning the engine back a little bit, even to not be pushing it that hard?你在上次 Starship 发布会上也提到过，你说'对，Raptor 2 在熔！'你们现在是怎么解决熔化问题的？用了哪些手段？还是说只是把发动机往回调一点，不那么激进地推压力？
Elon MuskRight now, we're optimizing Raptor 2 for robustness, as opposed to performance. I think broad brushstroke, we're, we're kind of overdoing it on the film cooling front. So we have quite a high percentage of head end film cooling and throat film cooling. So, I mean, we're probably losing a couple points of efficiency, because of the cooling, but it's better to have not melting chambers and we can fine tune the performance later. So we're just hitting cooling with a sledge hammer here.目前我们在为 Raptor 2 做的优化是提升可靠性，而不是追求性能。粗略来说，我们在气膜冷却方面是有点过度的。我们在头部端和喉部都用了相当高比例的气膜冷却。这样我们可能损失了几个点的效率，但不让燃烧室熔掉比什么都重要，性能以后再细调。现在我们就是拿大锤砸冷却这件事。
Elon MuskSo some pretty significant improvements for Raptor 2, like to compare Raptor 2 to Raptor 1. For Raptor 1, we have torch igniters in the main chamber. So you can see the torch, those things on the side, there are the torch igniters. I mean, these guys basically. So torch igniters for the main chamber. But Raptor 2 has no torch igniters in the main chamber. So you can see it's much cleaner around the chamber area.Raptor 2 相比 Raptor 1 有一些相当显著的改进。Raptor 1 的主燃烧室用的是火炬点火器——你可以看到那边侧面的那些东西，那就是火炬点火器，这些家伙基本上就是了。主燃烧室用的是火炬点火器。但 Raptor 2 的主燃烧室已经没有火炬点火器了，所以你可以看到燃烧室区域干净了很多。
Tim DoddHow do you... How's it light then?那怎么点火的？
Elon MuskWell, that's secret sauce, but I'm just... I can tell you sort of observable outcomes that anyone with a camera could notice, but I cannot tell you secret sauce things. Anyone can see what the outside of the engine looks like, because we have to funnel the engines down the road. And people have, you know, 12k cameras with telephoto lenses that are so precise they can read the serial numbers on the wiring. So I'm not giving away anything, any state secrets literally, by describing things on the outside, but I have to be cautious about saying how we made it work. But it was, it wasn't super easy, but we managed to get rid of the torch igniters in the main chamber which is a significant complexity reduction and reduction in failure modes, makes the engine lighter, lower cost.这是秘密配方，我只能告诉你外部可观察到的结果——任何拿着摄像机的人都能看到——但我没法告诉你秘密配方。任何人都能看到发动机外观，因为我们要把发动机沿路运输，有人拿着 12k 摄像机配超长焦镜头，精度高到能读出线缆上的序列号。所以我描述外观并没有泄露任何国家机密。但我必须谨慎对待实现原理。这不是特别容易，但我们成功去掉了主燃烧室的火炬点火器，这大大降低了复杂度，减少了故障模式，让发动机更轻、成本更低。
Tim DoddMore reliable on ignition and things like that too?点火可靠性之类的也更好了？
Elon MuskYeah, exactly. So it's better in every way. It was a huge improvement to get rid of torch igniters in the main chamber. We still have torch igniters for the oxygen power head and the fuel power head. But we were able to simplify those as well.对，完全正确。所以各方面都更好了。去掉主燃烧室火炬点火器是一个巨大的改进。氧气动力头和燃料动力头我们还保留了火炬点火器，但这部分也做了简化。
Tim DoddIs that something that would sometimes cause scrubs even it'd be like a preburner itself won't even light.这个有时候会造成发射取消吗？比如预燃室本身就点不着？
Elon MuskYeah, if the preburner doesn't light or even doesn't light exactly right, then you've got a challenge. So with the Merlin engine, you've got a single shaft that is driving the oxygen pump and the fuel pump. So they're gonna, they're naturally, they're mechanically locked. They will always spin at the same RPM 'cause they're literally on the same shaft. So that makes the start sequence for Merlin much easier and simpler than the start sequence for Raptor. In the case of Raptor you've got an oxygen power head and a fuel power head and they're different shafts, obviously, and you've got two turbines and two preburners. So, and they're cross feeding one another. So the start sequence for Raptor is insanely complicated compared to the start sequence for Merlin.对，如果预燃室点不着，或者点着得不对，那就麻烦了。Merlin 发动机的氧化剂泵和燃料泵共用一根轴，机械上是锁死的，它们永远以相同的转速运转，因为字面意义上就在同一根轴上。所以 Merlin 的启动序列要比 Raptor 简单得多。Raptor 的情况是，氧气动力头和燃料动力头是不同的轴，有两个涡轮和两个预燃室，而且它们还交叉供给对方。所以 Raptor 的启动序列与 Merlin 相比，复杂程度高得离谱。
Tim DoddIt has to be perfectly precise 'cause each one relies...必须精确到极致，因为每一个都依赖……
Elon MuskBasically you're doing this delicate dance between the fuel power head and the oxygen power head. And if they get out of sync, then you can go stoichiometric, in the preburners and melt or explode the preburners. So starting an engine like this is very complex. Once it's running, it's a much easier situation. But if you get anything wrong with that start sequence, you're either gonna melt or explode the engine.基本上你在燃料动力头和氧气动力头之间跳一段精妙的双人舞。如果它们不同步，预燃室里的混合物就可能达到化学计量比，然后熔掉或者炸掉预燃室。所以启动这样的发动机非常复杂。一旦运转起来，情况就好多了。但启动序列只要出任何差错，不是熔掉就是炸掉。
Tim DoddWell, I finally understand too, once it's running and in a steady state, you know, the advantage of full flow, it becomes pretty obvious just looking at the enthalpy and the, you know, the mass flow through each turbine and the deltaT. And I mean, it's, I finally, this just clicked like two weeks ago. I finally actually understood it as opposed to, you know, understanding it ish, but it clicks now and I fully appreciate it.我也终于理解了，发动机在稳定运行状态下，全流量循环的优势就变得很明显——从焓值、每个涡轮的质量流量、deltaT 来看，我是说……这件事两周前终于真正点击到我了。我终于真正理解了，不再是一知半解，现在真的开窍了，完全领会到了。
Elon MuskYes. By the way, you have the wrong ISP for methane engines in your video. It's way too generous.顺便说一下，你视频里给甲烷发动机的 ISP 写错了，太慷慨了。
Tim DoddWhich, oh, the theoretical max ISP.哪个，哦，理论最大 ISP？
Elon MuskThat is not possible.那不可能实现。
Tim DoddI don't know why I literally... I was just at a friend's house and they were watching the video. I'm like, I wish we could get ISP like that.我也不知道为什么……我前几天在朋友家，他们正在看那个视频，我心想，要是 ISP 真能达到那个数就好了。
Elon MuskThat would be a dream. That's way higher ISP than is actually physically possible. I wish it were possible, but it is not. But from an architectural standpoint in order to approach the limit of physics of what is possible with, like maximizing the efficiency of a rocket engine, a high pressure, full flow gas, gas engine, that's as good as it gets. As you'd have to figure out new physics to do better than that. So the Raptor architecture is the highest efficiency known to physics.那真是梦想。那个 ISP 比物理上实际可能达到的还要高得多。我希望这是可能的，但它不可能。不过从架构角度来说，如果要趋近物理极限、最大化火箭发动机效率，高压全流量气-气发动机就是最顶了。要做得更好，就得发现新的物理学。所以 Raptor 的架构就是现有物理学所知效率最高的。
Tim DoddLike you said, one time, you said as if God himself emitted the molecules together, maybe get 1% better.就像你曾经说过的，就算是上帝亲自把分子拼在一起，可能也就再好个 1%。
Elon MuskYes. So we should be able to get 99% combustion efficiency, 99% of theoretical combustion efficiency, which is insane basically.是的。我们应该能达到 99% 的燃烧效率——理论燃烧效率的 99%，这基本上就是疯狂了。
Tim DoddYeah, like literally with divine intervention, you could do 1% better. And you're doing that really..是啊，字面意义上需要神迹才能再提升 1%。而你们已经做到这个程度……
Elon MuskI was really saying something.我当时说的话是有分量的。
Tim DoddAnd you're doing that in such a short thrust chamber too. Like the actual chamber is so small.而且你们在这么短的推力室里就做到了。实际的燃烧室是那么小。
Elon MuskYeah. Because...是的，因为……
Tim DoddIt's, is that because it's gas, gas, and it doesn't need as much time to fully react?是因为是气-气进料，不需要那么多时间来完全反应吗？
Elon MuskThat's part of the reason. But also, we actually have a whole bunch of injector elements. So when the gas enters the main chamber, it is already pre-mixed, it's like 90% pre-mixed so you've got swirl injectors. Where you've got, again, this is sort of a class of injector elements as a swirl injector. And so you've got oxygen rich gas going down the center of, there's like a little straw basically. Yeah. So down the center of the straw, you've got oxygen-rich gas and then coming in from the side of the straw with, there are a series of holes that are coming at an angle. So the fuel rich gas is coming in sort of tangential to the diameter. So it's coming in.这是原因之一。但另外，我们有大量的喷注单元。气体进入主燃烧室时，已经预混了大约 90%——用的是旋流喷注器。氧气富裕的气体从一根小管子的中心向下流，大概就是个小吸管。燃料富裕的气体则从侧面的一系列倾斜小孔切入，以切线方向进入——相对直径是切向的，所以它是切向进来的。
Tim DoddAt the opposite direction.从相反方向进来。
Elon MuskLike oxygen is coming down the straw and then fuel is coming in from the side, from holes that are drilled such that you're going swirl flow. And so when the, when that enters the main chamber, it is already "roughly 90% mixed." So the chamber's only doing the remaining 10% of the mixing. More or less.氧气从管子往下流，燃料从侧面的倾斜孔切向进入，形成旋流。所以当这股混合气进入主燃烧室时，已经"大约混合了 90%"。燃烧室只需要完成剩余 10% 的混合，大致如此。
Tim DoddAnd so the actuators there are those hydroelectrical or what are those called?那里的执行机构是液压电气式的，还是叫什么名字？
Elon MuskNo. That's so we're still using, hydraulic actuators. They're just basically hydraulic pistons. What we want to move to down the road with a Raptor 3, or whatever we end up calling it, would be, electrical, basically a screw drive, electric motor with a screw drive.不，我们现在还在用液压执行机构，基本上就是液压活塞。我们以后想在 Raptor 3，或者不管叫什么名字的下一代上，换成电动的，基本上就是电机带丝杠驱动。
Tim DoddA big servo.大伺服电机。
Elon MuskYeah. Just, yeah, big servo motor. This is a temp, like what you don't see here is that there's a whole, hydraulic system on the vehicle side. That itself is there's a battery driving, electric motors driving, hydraulic pumps into a reservoir that is then feeding the engines, hydraulic fluid. This is, when you look at total vehicle mass, this is not a good, approach. We just don't have time to put an electric servo drives on the engine. We'll do that, you know, I don't know, in a few months.对，大伺服电机。这里有个临时方案——你没看到的是，飞行器那侧有一整套液压系统。那套系统是用电池驱动电机，再驱动液压泵，压进储液器，然后向发动机供液压油。从整车质量角度看，这不是个好方案。我们只是没时间给发动机装电动伺服驱动。我们会做的，大概几个月后吧。
Elon MuskNow with, with Merlin, you've got a source of hydraulic fluid. So with, with Merlin, it makes sense to have hydraulic actuators, because you've got a source of high pressure, working fluid because you use kerosene as a working fluid and you so you tap off the fuel pump, take high pressure kerosene, to drive the, hydraulic actuators. And then low pressure outlet of the, it goes back into the fuel tank. So you see basically it's a circulating system with no losses and it's a super easy move if you've got liquid kerosene. Since we have cryogens here, it is technically possible for us to use methane as a working fluid in the hydraulic actuators, but very scary. Because the methane will want to gasify. If you get gas bubbles in the hydraulic system, it's gonna get spongy. And it's not gonna work properly. So I did insist that we at least look at the comparison, but this was like the, mass difference... There wasn't a huge mass gain for having a methane hydraulic system. And it was scaring the hell out of everyone. So me included, so it was like, "Yeah, I just think we should just do it so that we aren't missing something important." But the smart move's gonna be, just have a electric servo.有了 Merlin，你有液压油的来源。所以对 Merlin 来说，液压执行机构是合理的，因为你有高压工质——用煤油做工质，从燃料泵引出高压煤油来驱动液压执行机构，低压出口再回到燃料箱。基本上是无损耗的循环系统，而且有液态煤油的情况下做这个超简单。我们这边是低温推进剂，技术上可以用甲烷做液压执行机构的工质，但非常吓人——甲烷会想汽化，液压系统里一旦有气泡就会发软，就不能正常工作了。所以我坚持要至少做一次对比分析，但质量差异……用甲烷液压系统并没有带来很大的质量收益，而且把所有人都吓坏了，包括我。所以心态是："我只是觉得得做一遍，确保我们没有漏掉什么重要的东西。"但聪明的选择就是用电动伺服。
Elon MuskIt still needs like a lot of torque, 'cause moving this engine fast is not easy.而且它还需要很大的扭矩，因为快速移动这台发动机可不容易。
Tim DoddAnd it moves so fast. Like when you see, you know, those, the videos landing, I mean it is, it moves so fast.它移动得那么快。看着那些着陆视频，真的，它动得飞快。
Elon MuskYeah. Like a lot of the time it doesn't actually need to move that fast. But if you have say an engine out, then you've, you've gotta slew all the engines really fast to deal with an engine that went out. So like the corner cases kind of drive the slew rate and the torque needed in the actuators...对，大多数时候其实不需要动那么快。但如果有一台发动机熄火，你就必须让所有发动机快速偏转来应对。所以边缘情况决定了执行机构所需的偏转速率和扭矩……
Tim DoddAnd the full angle too, right? The total gimbal degree.还有万向节的全偏转角度，对吧？总的偏转角度。
Elon MuskExactly. So if you get like, it's basically like, unexpected gusts or buffeting, wind shear, and engine out that drives the slew rate. You could move it a lot slower otherwise.完全正确。意外阵风、抖动、风切变，以及发动机熄火，这些都决定了偏转速率。其他情况下可以慢得多。
Tim DoddAnd then you even simplified what appears to be a ton of valves and things, almost that one box or some kind of, almost like you did with the, what was it called the octovalve in Teslas where you unified all the valves into a single component. Is that kinda like what you did here almost?而且你们明显简化了大量阀门之类的东西，把它们集中到了几乎是一个模块里——有点像你们在 Tesla 上做的"八通阀"，把所有阀门整合到一个单一组件里。这里也是类似的思路吗？
Elon MuskYeah. We combined a ton of parts into one. But now it's always better to delete things rather than optimize them, which sounds obvious. But, possibly the single biggest mistake made by smart engineers is optimizing a thing that should not exist. That's why, like I've made it really mandatory to run through the first principles, algorithm of first question, the constraints and requirements make them less dumb. Then step two, delete the part or process step. If you're not adding back at least 10% of the things you're deleting, you're not deleting enough. And then the third thing is, to only the third thing is optimize. And then the fourth is, you know, as it relates to production, accelerate rates. And then only the fifth thing is automate. And I've done it backwards many times. That's why I have to like repeat this mantra to myself as well.对，我们把大量零件合并成了一个。但删除东西永远比优化东西更好，这听起来显而易见。然而，聪明工程师犯下的最大单一错误，可能就是优化了一个本不该存在的东西。这就是为什么我强制要求大家走第一性原理算法：第一步，质疑约束条件和需求，让它们不那么蠢；第二步，删除零件或流程步骤，如果你没有把被删东西的至少 10% 加回来，说明你删得还不够；第三步才是优化；第四步是加速生产速率；第五步才是自动化。我自己也做过很多次反过来的顺序，所以我需要不断对自己重复这个咒语。
Tim DoddYou wake up every morning, it's written in your mirror.你每天早上起来，镜子上都写着这个。
Elon MuskYeah, seriously. And you need to do it recursively. So.是真的，而且还要递归地做。
Tim DoddWhat's the one thing like when you look at this engine, what's the thing causing you stress? Is there a certain part or a certain thing that you're sitting there going, "I'm not sure how we'll figure that one out."当你看这台发动机的时候，什么东西让你最头疼？有没有某个特定的零件或某件事，让你坐在那里想，"我不知道这个怎么解决"？
Elon MuskWell, I mean the single biggest thing I'd like to do with, Raptor is sort of to delete, more of the little fiddly bits, like sort of the small pipes and wiring and integrate... Basically delete and integrate a little bit more to get to the point where we do not need shrouds. So if we delete the shrouds, that's a dramatic reduction in mass and cost and complexity. But if there's any part of the engine that is susceptible to heat, then we cannot delete the shroud. Now we've made huge progress from Christmas tree over there, to Raptor 1 Christmas tree like that obviously needs the shroud. It's got a zillion things on it. It would be impossible to...我最想对 Raptor 做的一件事，就是继续删掉那些零零碎碎的小东西——那些小管子和线缆——再多整合一点，做到不需要护罩的程度。如果能删掉护罩，那在质量、成本和复杂度上都是显著下降。但只要发动机上还有任何对热量敏感的零件，就无法去掉护罩。我们已经从那边的圣诞树（Raptor 1）取得了巨大进展，Raptor 1 那个圣诞树显然必须有护罩，上面有一大堆东西，根本不可能……
Tim DoddTo protect all of that from being melted.保护所有那些不被熔掉。
Elon MuskOn Raptor 2 we've made dramatic progress, but not yet enough progress such that we don't need a shroud. So the shroud would be for protection from heat and high aerodynamic force, like high Q. So, but we're not far. With a little more work, we should be able to simplify it enough to get to the point where no shroud is needed.Raptor 2 我们取得了显著进步，但还不足以去掉护罩。护罩的作用是防热和防高气动载荷，也就是高动压。但我们离目标不远了。再多做一点工作，应该就能简化到不需要护罩的程度。
Tim DoddThere will probably still need to be one on the Booster for reentry since it comes in engines first.助推器再入时发动机朝下，可能还是需要护罩吧？
Elon MuskNo. Neither Ship nor Booster should have a shroud.不，Ship 和 Booster 都不应该有护罩。
Tim DoddWow.哇。
Elon MuskI'd like to, I mean, so like there's a lot of bolted interfaces that would be great to delete 'cause every bolted interface is, well, you've got basically heavy flanges, heavy bolts, you've got a seal and you've got very high pressure and you've got things ranging from cryogenic liquid to like hot gas and you've got oxygen rich hot gas. So these are things that are very difficult to seal. So stopping a Raptor from leaking is very hard. Like it's gonna, like every interface there has some leak rate that is above zero and it's heavy and complex and everything. So moving to more welded interfaces would be a big improvement. I'd love to figure out how, if we can get rid of, throat film cooling that would get rid of a manifold and a bunch of interfaces as well.我希望能做到。有很多螺栓连接界面是可以删掉的——每个螺栓连接界面都意味着很重的法兰、很重的螺栓、密封件，还要承受极高压力，温度范围从低温液体到高温燃气再到富氧热燃气。这些东西非常难密封。让 Raptor 不泄漏极其困难——每一个接口都有不为零的泄漏率，而且又重又复杂。改用更多焊接接口会是一大进步。我还很希望能去掉喉部气膜冷却，这样就能省掉一个歧管和一堆接口。
Tim DoddIs that hopeful? Like, is that actually in the realm of possibilities?有可能实现吗？这在可能的范围内吗？
Elon MuskIt's possible. No, if you say like, if you give enough head end film cooling, you can get rid of throat film cooling. The question is, does that...有可能。如果给足够的头端气膜冷却，就可以去掉喉部气膜冷却。问题是，这样会不会……
Tim DoddYeah. Does that cause a... Is it worth it... What's the trade off. Do you lose so much in ISP that you're...会不会……值不值得？权衡是什么？ISP 损失大到……
Elon MuskIs it like no longer worth it basically. Like it's the penalty, the ISP penalty for head end film cooling could be so great that it's dumb basically.基本上就是代价大到不值得。头端气膜冷却的 ISP 惩罚可能大到让这件事没有意义。
Tim DoddYou know, what's something I just realized, like last week, that the, I think the RD-170 and RD-180 does is they actually almost do like an expander cycle with a boost pump. So they actually take all the regen channels and use that to spin a boost pump before everything, just to kind of relieve a little bit of pressure on the head side, or on the inlet side. And I hadn't, I didn't realize that was an option and it's pretty cool, you know, to almost in a sense combine cycle types like that a little bit, you know?我上周刚意识到一件事，我觉得 RD-170 和 RD-180 的做法有点像膨胀循环加一个增压泵。它们把所有再生冷却通道里的热量用来驱动一个前置增压泵，这样能稍微减轻入口端的压力。我之前没意识到这也是个选项，而且挺酷的——在某种意义上把不同循环类型结合起来，你知道吗？
Elon MuskYeah. I mean, boost pump is useful for reducing the ullage pressure or the inlet pressure to the engine. So, at high thrust levels we need, you know, fairly high inlet pressure. As you reduce the thrust, you need less inlet pressure. So sort of a boost pump or like any, anything that's gonna increase, like any kind of pump that's gonna just increase the pressure, even if you bar going into the main pump inlets is helpful for reducing how much ullage gas you need. So it's basically a mass reduction of ullage gas.对。增压泵有助于降低贮箱增压压力，或者说发动机入口压力。在高推力状态下，需要相当高的入口压力。随着推力降低，需要的入口压力也减少。所以增压泵，或者说任何能提升主泵入口压力的装置，都有助于减少所需的增压气体量，基本上就是减轻增压气体的质量。
Tim DoddBut you guys don't have to. Your pump isn't that highly staged, it seems like your inducer and everything goes... So like, you know, some pumps like the old SSME or the RS-25, you know, a hydrogen pump had like four stages to it or something. It just kept, you know, increasing pressure, increasing pressure. It seems like your guys' is so streamlined and simple.但你们不一定需要那么做。你们的泵分级不算特别多，诱导轮之后好像就……像老 SSME 或 RS-25，氢气泵有四级之类的，不断增压。你们的看起来非常精简和简单。
Elon MuskI mean, I don't think of it as simple, but...我不觉得它简单，但……
Tim DoddOh, it's not.哦，当然不是。
Elon MuskSo you know, take the oxygen pump up there, you've got, it's a dedicated inducer and the inducer is basically like a real flat propeller blade. So the liquid flow coming in is cut at a very shallow angle. So what you're trying to avoid is cavitation or bubble generation. If you start generating bubbles, the bubbles will, actually eat away at your blades. Like, it's weird, like bubbles would chip away metal, but they will. And if you cavitate too much, then you're gonna just be a bubble generator and you'll lose pressure, starve the engine. So, but even small amounts of cavitational bubble generation; those bubbles hitting the metal... it's weird that a bubble could erode metal, but it does.以氧气泵为例，它有一个专用诱导轮，诱导轮基本上是一片非常扁平的螺旋桨叶片。液体流入时以很浅的角度切入——你要避免的是空化或产生气泡。一旦开始产生气泡，气泡会蚀刻叶片，很奇怪——气泡能把金属侵蚀掉——如果空化太严重，整个泵就变成气泡发生器，你会失去压力，让发动机断供。就算是少量空化产生的气泡撞击金属……气泡能蚀刻金属，这确实很奇怪，但就是这样。
Tim DoddIs that more prevalent in the oxygen side than it is the fuel side, or is it prevalent in both?这在氧化剂侧比燃料侧更常见，还是两边都有？
Elon MuskIt's prevalent. It happens in both, but... There's like basically the, you've got the inlet pressure and the inlet temperature. So the colder your propellant is, and the higher, the inlet pressure, the less likely you are to have cavitation. And then depending on how your inducer blades are designed, you like, I mean, those are very rough approximations. But if you have like a shallow angle inducer, you're gonna generate less of a wake than if you like in the limit, if, as you, as you increase blade angle it's as reason just like, if you're churning your hand through water, you're gonna create a wake. So a shallow inducer blade is less likely to create bubbles than, this is a very rough generalization, but it's less likely to create bubbles or a wake than a shallow angle. So inducer will cut the flow at a shallow angle.两边都有，但……大致来说，取决于入口压力和入口温度。推进剂温度越低、入口压力越高，就越不容易空化。还要看诱导轮叶片怎么设计——这些都是很粗糙的近似。叶片角度越浅，产生的尾流就越小。极端情况下，随着叶片角度增大，就像你把手伸进水里搅动，会产生尾流。浅角诱导轮叶片比大角度叶片更不容易产生气泡或尾流——这是一个很粗糙的概括，但浅角度切入的叶片产生气泡的可能性更小。
Elon MuskAnd so we've got an inducer that has a fairly small pressure rise that then feeds the first impeller and the impeller is where you really have a huge pressure rise. So we've got an inducer then, two impellers and that's what gets us to our pressure, to our sort of 7-800 bar on the oxygen side. And we want actually make that higher over time. But it's a really nutty pressure. That's a very, very high pressure. So,所以我们的诱导轮产生的压升相对较小，然后给第一级叶轮供料，叶轮才是真正产生巨大压升的地方。我们有诱导轮加两级叶轮，这就把氧气侧的压力压到 700-800 bar。而且我们还希望随着时间推移让压力更高。这是相当离谱的压力，非常非常高的压力。
Tim Doddit's kind of, it is crazy that, that you have such a pressure rise in such a short length.确实很疯狂——在这么短的长度里就实现了这么大的压升。
Elon MuskYeah, this an incredibly short length.对，这个长度极短。
Tim DoddYeah, but,是啊，但——
Elon Muskand this is an inline power head. So, I don't believe there's been any rocket engine flown that has an inline power head, but I could be mistaken. But I do not believe there is one.而且这是内联式动力头。我不认为有任何飞过的火箭发动机用的是内联式动力头，但我可能有错。我不认为有。
Tim DoddI haven't seen one either.我也没见过。
Elon MuskYeah.对。
Tim DoddThat's a first for me where it's, and it allows you to couple some of the forces too, through the turbine assembly right, and the chamber and everything.这也是我第一次见到，而且这样能把一些力通过涡轮组件、燃烧室之类的传递，对吧？
Elon MuskYeah. We actually take the thrust load goes through the pump housing. So you dual purpose the pump housing as the, you know, as the, with it serve as pump housing and serves to transfer thrust load.对。推力载荷实际上是通过泵壳传递的。我们把泵壳一物两用——既是泵壳，也作为推力载荷传递结构。
Tim DoddGeez.厉害。
Elon MuskAnd it's a straight line situation, so you don't have any tube, you don't have any.而且是直线结构，所以没有弯管，没有……
Tim DoddLike torques or anything like that.没有扭矩之类的东西。
Elon MuskYeah. You don't have any to... There's no main, like, for the fuel pump, which is off to the side, you've got a bunch of transfer tubes. But for the oxygen side, you've got nothing.对，不存在……燃料泵是在侧面的，有一堆传输管。但氧气侧什么都没有。
Tim DoddIt's all internal, it's all the internal channels and stuff?全是内部通道之类的？
Elon MuskIt's just going straight down.就是直接往下流。
Tim DoddYep. Okay.明白了。
Elon MuskInlets coming through the gimbal to the inducer through two impeller stages. And then, you know, and there's, it's feeding that the, the turbine, oxygen side turbine and the fuel side turbine, I'm like simplifying a lot of things. And I may have misspoken on a few, so forgive me if I've misspoken a few things. But this is about as simple as you, as you do it is have it, but oxygen is coming straight through. Essentially.入口经过万向节进入诱导轮，再经过两级叶轮……它同时给氧气侧涡轮和燃料侧涡轮供气，我这里是大量简化的。如果我说错了什么，请原谅。但基本上，能做到这么简单，就是氧气几乎直接通流下去。
Tim DoddSomething, interesting that I think it was like the RD-701 or some obscure or 501 or something. I think it was the 501. It ran on fluorine or pentaborane.有一个有意思的事，我记得好像是 RD-701 还是什么冷僻型号，或者是 501 之类的，我记得是 501。它用的是氟或者五硼烷。
Elon MuskFluorine's insane.氟是疯狂的东西。
Tim DoddYeah. Nasty stuff.对，很可怕的东西。
Elon MuskDon't use that.别用那个。
Tim DoddThey used some of the oxidizer for like cooling the chamber assembly and they used the fuel for cooling the nozzle extension, basically. I've never seen that, it seems maybe counterintuitive, or I don't know what the implications would be of trying to use liquid oxygen as a coolant, but I found it unique that they're daring enough to use both to actually do your cooling.他们用一部分氧化剂来冷却燃烧室组件，用燃料来冷却喷管延伸段。我从没见过这种做法，感觉可能有点违反直觉，或者说用液氧做冷却剂会有什么影响我不太确定，但我觉得他们同时使用两者来做冷却这件事挺大胆的。
Elon MuskYeah. I'm not sure what the point of using both would be, but, yeah.对，我不确定同时用两者的意义是什么，但是……
Tim DoddOther than, have you ever heard of a dual expander cycle where you heat up both, fuel and oxidizer? To me, the dual expander cycles are really cool... Would be a really cool cycle type if you were to do an aerospike, 'cause you can kind of exploit the additional heat, you know, at the increased surface area of the throat to be able to do, you know, heat up enough gas to make the expander cycle, a higher thrust option because I love that the expander cycle, you know, the expander cycle kind of has a hard limit on, you know, how much you can heat a gas. You start having surface volume ratio issues.还有，你有没有听说过双膨胀循环——就是燃料和氧化剂都加热的那种？我觉得双膨胀循环真的很酷……如果要做喷气针发动机的话会是很棒的循环类型，因为可以利用喉部增大的表面积产生的额外热量，让膨胀循环有更高的推力——因为膨胀循环本身有一个硬限制，就是加热气体的量是有上限的，会遇到表面体积比的问题。
Elon MuskYep.对。
Tim DoddBut having a dual expander cycle, especially if you have an aerospike, it seems like to me, that'd be a cool way to exploit the two, you know, almost use the weakness of one for a strength of the other, but no one, from what I know, no one's ever built one, there was a study on one in the 90s or something, but no one ever built a dual expander cycle aerospike and that's still that's my dream. I just, I don't know why I just love aerospikes. It just looks so cool. I probably bring it up every time I ever talk to any engineer. I'm like, "aerospikes!" I just can't help it.但如果是双膨胀循环，尤其是配合喷气针，在我看来是利用两者互补的好方式——用一个的弱点来弥补另一个的强项。但据我所知从来没人真正造过，90 年代有过一个研究，但从没有人造出双膨胀循环喷气针，那至今还是我的梦想。我就是不知道为什么那么喜欢喷气针发动机，看起来太酷了。我跟任何工程师说话可能都提到过，我就是忍不住，说到"喷气针！"就收不住。
Elon MuskYeah. If you have a two stage rocket, there's really no much point in an aerospike. 'Cause you just have a, you know, have a nozzle that's optimized for, more or less optimized for sea level and have a nozzles that are optimized for vacuum. And you're just, you're done, you know?如果你有两级火箭，喷气针的意义其实不大。因为你只需要一个优化为海平面的喷管，再加一个优化为真空的喷管，就完成了，你知道吗？
Tim DoddOh, you know what, what fire... So before Firefly became Firefly Aerospace, when they were Firefly Space Systems, they were working on an annular aerospike. The reason why I was talking with Tom Markusic about it was because they're actually trying to be pressure fed for their booster. So that way they could keep a really short expansion ratio on the chambers. You know, since they don't have much tank pressure, they don't have much chamber pressure. They could do a really short expansion ratio and gain the rest of it out of an aerospike. That was their purpose for doing an aerospike on the first stage was just to overcome the limitations of a pumped system to be able to be orbital. I thought that was pretty cool. I don't know.对了，你知道吗，Firefly 在成为 Firefly Aerospace 之前，当时还叫 Firefly Space Systems，他们在研究一个环形喷气针。我当时和 Tom Markusic 谈这件事的原因是，他们实际上想让助推器用压力供给，这样就能在燃烧室上用很短的膨胀比——因为没多少贮箱压力，也没多少燃烧室压力，可以用很短的膨胀比，剩下的靠喷气针来补。他们在第一级用喷气针的目的就是为了克服压力供给系统的局限，达到入轨能力。我觉得挺有意思的，不知道算不算。
Elon MuskI mean, you're gonna have heavy tanks no matter what, how you cut it. So, I mean, in the entire history of SpaceX, we have only ever wanted to increase chamber pressure. We have never wanted to decrease it.不管怎么切，贮箱都得很重。所以，在 SpaceX 的整个历史里，我们只有一个方向——提高燃烧室压力。我们从来没有想过降低它。
Tim DoddThat's a good way to put it.这句话说得好。
Elon MuskYeah.是的。
Tim DoddI'm sure there's never been a trade where you're like, what if we decrease the chamber pressure?肯定从来没有过"要不我们把燃烧室压力降一降"这种权衡吧？
Elon MuskWe've always wanted to increase chamber pressure and we've never wanted to decrease it. We've always wanted to increase thrust and we've never wanted to decrease it. You know, saying I have too much thrust is like, you're too good looking at something. I mean, it's just, I mean...我们永远想提高燃烧室压力，从来没想过降低它。我们永远想提高推力，从来没想过降低它。说"我的推力太大了"就像说"你长得太好看了"——这种事是不存在的，我的意思是……
Tim DoddNot something you're getting complained about.没有人会抱怨这件事。
Elon MuskWe've put a lot of effort into getting the chamber pressure to the 300 bar. I mean, for those that like really understand rocket engines, the thing that you'd wanna look at is the chamber pressure plot. That's like the inside baseball thing that really matters. And then there's like, they'll often like quote ISP, but actually the thing you really wanna look at is, area under the force time curve. So like the point of the... versus the mass flow. So you have mass flow, like for a given amount of mass flow, what is the area under the force time curve?我们花了大量的精力把燃烧室压力推到 300 bar。对于真正懂火箭发动机的人来说，最值得看的就是燃烧室压力曲线，这才是真正重要的内行指标。人们喜欢引用 ISP，但其实你真正想看的，是力对时间曲线下的面积——对于给定的质量流量，产生了多少力随时间的积分。
Tim DoddArea under force time curve.力对时间曲线下的面积。
Elon MuskThe area under the force versus time curve. So like the point of the engine is to produce force. When you're calculating ISP, you're making a bunch of simplifying assumptions. And, the ISP is actually not constant. So the ISP will fluctuate a little bit depending on, mixture. Well, yeah, depending on what ambient conditions, what the, mixture ratio is, what the, what throttle level you're at and, but the thing that actually matters is the area under the force versus time curve, the thing you, you know, as opposed to an ISP approximation, especially for a vacuum engine, because you're not running the engines in vacuum. So you're making a lot of assumptions when you're calculating the ISP of a vacuum engine. But, what you can measure very objectively is what was the, how much force did you produce? So you have like time.力对时间曲线下的面积。发动机的目的就是产生力。计算 ISP 的时候做了很多简化假设，而且 ISP 实际上不是常数——它会随混合比、环境条件、节流水平的不同而波动。但真正有意义的是力对时间曲线下的面积，而不是 ISP 这个近似值——尤其是对于真空发动机，因为你并不是在真空里测试发动机，计算真空发动机的 ISP 要做很多假设。但你可以非常客观地测量"产生了多少力"，就是时间轴……
Tim DoddYep and then force and what's the area under the force versus time curve. That's the...然后是力轴，力对时间曲线下面积是……
Elon Musk'cause that's what the purpose of the engine actually is. ISP is an approximation of that.因为那才是发动机的真正目的。ISP 只是对它的一个近似。
Tim DoddWe need a cool, sexy name for that for, you know, ISP.我们需要给这个起一个酷炫、有吸引力的名字，就像 ISP 一样。
Elon MuskIntegrated force.积分力。
Tim DoddAwww.唉……
Elon MuskWhat?怎么了？
Tim DoddThat's not that fun. We can just sexier name for it.这不够酷。我们得起个更性感的名字。
Tim Doddlike specific impulse is pretty catchy so...比如比冲这个名字就挺朗朗上口的，所以……
Elon MuskYeah. Force be with you. How much force do you, you know, this is, this is a force generator.对，愿力与你同在。你有多少力，这东西就是力的发生器。
Tim DoddYeah.是啊。
Elon MuskSo.所以。
Tim DoddThe forcefield plot.力场图。
Elon MuskYeah.对。
Tim DoddShould we uhh...我们要不要……
Elon MuskYeah, so anyway, you can see basically a lot of improvements and more to come, and a big move will be when we can not have shrouds.总之，你能看到大量的改进，而且还会有更多，最大的突破将是当我们不再需要护罩的时候。
Tim DoddAre you hoping to be able to fire this thing off, do a static fire of Booster pretty soon? I assume all these are gonna go on Booster 7.你们希望很快就能点火做助推器的静态点火测试吗？我猜这些都会装到 Booster 7 上。
Elon MuskYeah. These are meant for Booster 7.对，这些就是给 Booster 7 准备的。
Tim DoddThat's gonna be the craziest thing to see when you get 33 of these things roaring, I mean, that's gonna be, that will be utterly ridiculous.到时候看到 33 台这东西同时轰鸣，那场面将会极度壮观，完全离谱。
Elon MuskYeah. We had a slight issue with the Booster 7 test where we collapsed part of the LOx transfer tube. So we're gonna go in and repair the LOx transfer tube that collapsed. So that will probably take us a week to fix.对，我们在 Booster 7 测试时遇到了一点问题——LOx 输送管有一段塌陷了。我们要进去修复那段塌陷的 LOx 输送管，大概要花一周时间修。
Tim DoddYeah. And something new to the, is it new to B7?哦，B7 有什么新东西吗？
Tim DoddJust hanging out and talking rockets.就是在这聊聊火箭。
Elon MuskI was just mentioning the, we had the LOx transfer tube collapse, which we gotta go in and repair might take us a week or so.我刚才提到，LOx 输送管塌陷了，我们得进去修，大概要花一周左右。
Tim DoddWell, great lesson learned, but we always get into tests and learn from it. And yeah.很好的经验教训，我们总是在测试中学习。是啊。
Elon MuskThat's why Starship is awesome.这就是 Starship 的精彩之处。
Tim DoddRapid iteration.快速迭代。
Elon MuskYeah, so I don't know what we should do. Should we go up and...是啊，我不知道我们接下来要做什么，要不要上去……
Tim DoddHey, we can look to the High Bay and stuff.我们可以去看看总装厂房什么的。
Elon MuskLet's do that.走吧。
Tim DoddThanks Elon, for being so generous with your time. And also thank you, Ryan Chylinski from Cosmic Perspective for helping to capture this awesome conversation. And I owe a huge thank you to my Patreon supporters for helping make content like this and everything we do here at Everyday Astronaut possible. If you wanna help me continue to do what I do head on over to patreon.com/everydayastronaut. And while you're online, be sure and check out our awesome merch shop, where we can find shirts like this and lots of other really cool stuff. Like our long awaited dress wear, our new tiny human shirts, or our 1:100 scale Falcon 9 model rockets. Well, when they get back in stock, find it all at everydayastronaut.com/shop. Thanks everybody. That's gonna do it for me. I'm Tim Dodd, the Everyday Astronaut bringing space down to Earth for everyday people.感谢 Elon 慷慨地抽出时间。也感谢 Cosmic Perspective 的 Ryan Chylinski 帮忙拍摄这段精彩的对话。还要向我的 Patreon 支持者们致以深深的谢意——正是有了大家的支持，才能有这样的内容和我们在 Everyday Astronaut 所做的一切。如果你想支持我继续做下去，请去 patreon.com/everydayastronaut。顺便在线上逛逛我们的周边商店，找到像这件这样的 T 恤，以及很多其他很酷的东西，比如我们期待已久的正装系列、新款迷你人类 T 恤，还有 1:100 比例的 Falcon 9 模型火箭——等它们再次备货的时候，都可以在 everydayastronaut.com/shop 找到。感谢大家！今天到这里。我是 Tim Dodd，Everyday Astronaut，把航天带回地球，带给每一个普通人。